How to Properly Repair Chips and Deep Scratches on Your Car

We all have received them on our cars - rock chips, door dings, bumper scrapes, etc... They can come from a rock thrown up from a truck on the highway, or its as easy as a parking lot ding from someone in a hurry or even an errant grocery cart. Most of these are unavoidable. They can happen even if you park far away from stores and regardless of the measures you take to protect your car. Not only do they detract from your cars beauty, but they can also make your car susceptible to rust and the environment. Here's how to fix these paint chips, nicks and deep scratches and protect your car from rust.

Its not worth going to a auto paint and body store for chips and scratches. They will charge 10 times more for repairs you can easily do yourself. The first step is to locate the chips and scratches and see how deep they are. If they don't go all the way through the paint you can buff them out. Using a cloth terry towel apply a small amount of scratch remover or cleaner wax. Rub in a circular motion over the chip or scratch and buff when dry. If this removes the chip or scratch after a couple of applications, great, then just follow with a good wax or polish. If you see white primer or metal in the nick or scratch scratch remover or cleaner wax will not work well.

Some cars have paint that is lacquer based and others have paint that is enamel based. The following tip works wonders on cars with lacquer based paint only. Get a clean rag and apply a small amount of lacquer thinner to it. Take this and rub lightly on and around the scratch, nick or chip. The lacquer thinner will actually start to move the paint around and cover the affected spot. This even works on larger scrapes. This treatment is not recommended on cars with custom paint jobs and may not work on all cars with lacquer based paints.

How to Properly Repair Chips and Deep Scratches on Your Car

For those with enamel paint or scratches and chips where the above treatment didn't work, then you have to touch up the blemish in your paint. First, you need to get the paint code so you can correctly match the paint for your car. This is located inside your door jam or on some Hondas inside the glove box. Take this paint code to your dealer and get a small bottle of touch up paint. The touch up paint will come in a small bottle with a brush applicator. Instead of using the brush, as it will apply too broadly and make your touch up of the chip or scratch really stand out, we recommend using a toothpick for better paint placement.

First clean the area of the chip or scratch. Then follow the directions on the touch up paint bottle. Usually it is mix thoroughly for 5 minutes (metallic paints may require more agitation). Then using the toothpick place the paint directly in the chip or scratch. When done allow to dry for several days before waxing or polishing (some cars have a clear cote which you would then apply in the same fashion to the affected area). By touching up the paint you have sealed the area from the environment and greatly reduced the chances of rust setting in and affecting your sheet metal. Rust is like cancer for your car and very difficult to stop once it starts, so it is better to be proactive and prevent it with proper car care and treatment and quickly identifying and repairing paint chips, nicks and scratches. For more great free info on automotive repair, treatments and headlight cleaning and restoration, please visit the link below.

How to Properly Repair Chips and Deep Scratches on Your Car
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David Maillie specializes in automotive safety products and information. He holds numerous patents and awards for his patented headlight cleaner and restorer. For more information, tips, safety and money saving products for your auto please visit http://www.mdwholesale.com

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Tax Lien Investing - Just Another Scam

We've seen and heard about the latest investing method on TV infomercials, in newspapers and everywhere. It's even said to be so easy it's like taking candy from a baby. They're talking about tax liens and you should be vary wary.

Tax liens are liens placed against ones property by local counties and similar municipalities for non-payment of assessed property taxes. According to a website I just looked at its states that every county of every state sells these late or derogatory property tax bills for immediate funds after placing a tax lien against the property in question. This did use to be true in the past, but most states don not allow the public sale of property tax liens under any circumstance. One os these states is North Carolina. You cannot legally buy or profit from these sales in North Carolina. Yet these websites state you can - they just want your money for their kit or more. They will take your money and run.

Upon further review over 37 states do not allow the public sale of these tax liens. Furthermore, even if they did the homestead laws in many states would supersede any supposed foreclosing rights and make it so you could not evict these people from their homes for non-payment. Yet their advertisements state the opposite- good in any state. 5-25% guaranteed returns on every lien and most pay within 1 year, etc... These are all lies. The rule is this - if it sounds too good to be true than it is. If tax liens were such a great business than why isn't everybody else in it? By the numbers proposed by these shows, infomercials, websites and similar and the fact that this idea has been around for over 5 years there should be many, many millionaires. Where are they?

Tax Lien Investing - Just Another Scam

This scam is similar to ISC (Invention Submission Corporation). They promise new inventors a patent and big royalties. Finally after thousands of complaints the FTC looked into many submission companies and found that most just lied, took money and didn't deliver anything. It was a pure ripoff. This is the same. Keep your money. There is no money to be made by the property tax lien scam.

Tax Lien Investing - Just Another Scam
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David Maillie is an alumni of Cornell University and specializes in biochemical synthesis for public, private, and governmental interests. He holds numerous patents and awards for his research. For more useful information please visit: http://www.bestbraindrain.com

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Valuation of Intellectual Property Assets - How to Maximize Sale Price (or Minimize Purchase Price)

In recent years intellectual capital, in all its forms, has become of tremendous importance in the business world. Proactive companies and inventors have known this for years, but the leverage that a patent, trademark, trade secret or other know-how can provide has certainly increased. The number of patent applications and issued patents has skyrocketed in the past 15 years, trademark filings are also up and the rate at which intellectual property (IP) assets are being asserted, licensed and even sold is astonishing.

Markets have been created for trading / sales of patents and most of us are aware of the business models of aggregators, non-practicing entities and "trolls" out there. But if you are in the market to buy or sell IP assets how do you know how much to ask for if you're a seller or where to set your limit if you're a buyer?

One of the best ways to sell is to put yourself into the mindset of the buyer. How will they make their decision to acquire an IP asset?

Valuation of Intellectual Property Assets - How to Maximize Sale Price (or Minimize Purchase Price)

The process of divesting IP assets occurs in three phases. First is a market assessment and valuation of the intellectual capital, second is target identification and sales terms negotiation, and last is the sales agreement drafting, deal closure and the transfer of assets.

1) Market Assessment and Valuation

In order to provide a valuation of IP assets there are several methods which can be employed. We have taken some time to list and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of each one. Certain methods have been employed which I liken to "shortcuts" since there are times when large numbers of patents or trademarks are being evaluated all at once. I believe the best method involves good old fashioned hard work and analysis.

The "historical" method is a simplistic model which takes into account all direct costs incurred to date for technology development and IP protection and attempts to recover these costs plus an additional component for inflation compensation. While this method can improve consistency with historical patent sales price trends, the drawback to the inventor/creator is that there is no correlation between the expenditure on the patent or trademark protection or the revenue generating potential of the eventual commercial product or service and subject IP.

The "market" approach attempts to benchmark the sale price of IP assets against the scope and maturity of your own. Some have likened this to home-buying where you search for "comps" in a neighborhood you are looking to buy to help benchmark what is a reasonable price to pay for your own home. In our case, significant research is required to determine comparable states of technological maturity as well as the scope of IP protection. The drawback is that prices paid for sales of IP assets are rarely made public, so benchmarking is not always easy. To go back to the home-buying analogy, the house may look the same on the outside, but the condition of the interior and foundation will make all the difference. Real asset value needs to be like for like.

An analytical model utilizing analysis and classification of citations is a newer method resulting from robust tools which were originally developed for patent landscaping. The thought is that the more forward citations your patent has the more valuable it should be, since it is likely to be considered a seminal work in your industry. The problem with this is that there are many reasons a patent is cited as prior art, and unless each forward citation is analyzed one cannot determine the true worth of the patent at hand. I believe analytical tools have a great place in the IP landscaping space, but they wind up being a poor method for determining an appropriate valuation. This approach also is irrelevant for trademarks since it is not possible to use citations in the evaluation of a brand and the marks/logos which go along with it.

Therefore, I would propose the method which is referred to as the "income" approach. This involves quantifying a cash-flow forecast based on future income streams of the IP asset's commercial use. This approach will necessitate the need for market research and analysis on projected sales and market share, volume production pricing as well as standard profit mark-up, which must all be placed into a cost model.

The reason this method works the best is that savvy potential buyers and corporations will likely construct a similar model and look at the net present value (NPV) of commercializing the IP. One component of their purchase analysis is to investigate whether the acquisition cost of the IP assets makes their NPV calculation zero or negative. If that is the case, then they are unlikely to agree to the purchase.

But, just because you can figure out a positive NPV doesn't mean you're home free. The best approach is to select a limit for the valuation price which will not force the NPV calculation to result in an internal rate of return (IRR) which falls below the buyer's threshold for overall internal project approval. For most companies this IRR is typically on the order of 20 - 25%. Starting with a valuation price which results in a 12 - 15% IRR and working down the price scale from there is highly suggested.

While this method requires adequate market knowledge and cost prediction capability I believe that for most industries there is sufficient market research for a very educated guess at worst.

2) Target Identification and Negotiation of Sales Terms

This phase should be fairly self-explanatory, but it involves identifying interested buyers and attempting to determine their valuation methods and IRR threshold, so that a price can be set which is equitable to both parties.

Potential buyers may be those who you can infer are infringing on the patent or trademark or even a company who is looking to get into the line of business for the type of IP assets you possess. Doing some homework can usually turn up a reasonably comprehensive list, but looking at the marketplaces for IP asset sale is another approach. Beware that some of these charge fees to list and may also charge a fee for the sale.

The involvement of a law firm representative who has experience in IP asset sales may be necessary at this stage, but it will definitely be required for the sales agreement drafting and review, which occurs next.

3) Sales Agreement Drafting and Transfer of Assets

This step should be self-explanatory as well. Once a buyer has been identified then negotiation of terms will take place. Grant back licenses (if desired), transfer of title as well as payment terms should all be a part of the discussion.

Template agreements exist for this type of transaction, but having a legal expert review and approve draft and final language of such an agreement is strongly suggested. Upon execution of the agreement the transfer of assets will take place in a manner likely to have been negotiated and should be outlined in the agreement.

Considering Working with a Law Firm or Broker?

Most IP asset sellers are inclined to involve a law firm or a broker who specializes in this type of transaction to act on their behalf. Understand that a broker / market maker is likely to ask for 20 - 30% of the take from the asset sale, but law firms might ask for even more, between 35 - 50%. The involvement of a legal professional is not only a good idea, but might be required since someone with very good knowledge of contracts and transfer of ownership is essential to this effort. However, a few caveats exist to this type of arrangement:

A) If you do work with either a broker or lawyer it would be highly recommended that the partner selected for this type of effort is willing to accept deferred payment of services rendered until after the asset sale is completed. However, some of them do ask for a retainer up front and some may ask to be compensated even in the event that the asset sale is not completed.

B) Additionally, it is recommended that for the involvement of a legal professional, you make payment to the lawyer / firm on a pre-negotiated flat fee basis or on an hourly rate basis for only those specific services rendered in regards to sales agreement drafting and review. Otherwise, the law firm may be inclined to ask for a large percentage of the asset sale as payment for their services rendered, and it is my belief that they would be asking for more than the value they would add to this effort given their limited involvement.

If you want a lawyer handling the negotiation for you, then it might be OK to settle for their terms, but you don't have to give away half your gains if you don't want to.

Don't Have a Trademark or Patent Yet?

Whether you're an individual entrepreneur / inventor or a large corporation you will find it pays to have trademarks registered and patents issued, or at least applications filed. Ideas are intangible assets which cannot be easily valued. Patents and trademarks are a form of tangible asset that has certain capital cost associated with prosecution and the business value the IP creates. The more you have to offer a buyer in tangible IP assets the more it will increase your valuation. Simple as that.

Also, some advice for those individuals out there who "have a great idea that they want to sell to a company." This is a great dream to have, but the more homework and effort you put into presenting a potential buyer with comprehensive analysis the more likely you will be to see success. If you've tried to approach companies before and have been turned away, think about your sales method.

You can cash in on your great ideas if you have the right tools at your disposal. Knowing what you're getting yourself into will prepare you vs. being shocked and feeling taken advantage of later.

Valuation of Intellectual Property Assets - How to Maximize Sale Price (or Minimize Purchase Price)
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Mr. Philip Totaro is the Principal at Totaro & Associates, a consulting firm focused on innovation strategy, competitive intelligence, product development and patent search. Mr. Totaro has experience in strategic planning as well as creating and protecting intellectual capital. He has worked for such companies as General Electric, United Technologies Corporation and most recently he oversaw Intellectual Property and Competitive Assessment for Clipper Windpower. He has helped cultivate and disposition over 450 innovations, and his assessment has led to over 250 issued patents. His strategic market analysis has led to the funding justification of over 0M in R&D investment and the development of multi-million dollar product and service offerings. He has provided legal and technical due-diligence for over B in M&A, including the recent takeover of Clipper Windpower by United Technologies Corporation. To find out more or get in touch please visit http://www.totaro-associates.com.

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Free Energy Generator - Free Power From Home

What's the preferred method to produce your own electricity?

Most homeowners turn to wind turbines and solar panels as a free energy generator, but the above-mentioned have many disadvantages. They are confounding to install, pricey to shop for and unworkable in adverse weather. Is there a better way to produce free power?

When compared to common methods, a magnetic motor has several benefits as a free electricity generator.

Free Energy Generator - Free Power From Home

In contrast to solar panels and wind turbines, you can build a magnetic power generator at home with token mechanical knowledge and very little cash. Everybody with free energy generator plans is able to build one.

Additionally, a magnetic power generator expends less area in the home when compared to wind turbines and solar panels. As an extra benefit, a magnetic motor makes hardly any or zero noise and has no emissions.

A magnetic motor depends on magnetic fields powering a turbine, and that means the weather never influences its operation. Magnetic polarity therein causes constant movement, and they never need external forces to drive such a free power generator.

So how does a magnetic motor function as a free energy generator?

Magnetic motors, intended to generate free power without any external energy or a fuel source, are still met with disbelief about how they function and why they do. Historians acknowledge Howard Johnson as the creator of the first functioning magnetic power generator. He collected U.S. patent No. 4,151,431 for his invention.

Free magnetic power generators harness the power of permanent magnets to produce free electricity. The polarity inherent in permanent magnets produces an adequate supply of force to spin the blades of a turbine. The spinning turbine produces the free power. A magnetic energy generator is a true perpetual motion gadget.

The builder, Howard Johnson, speculated that the energy from a free energy generator arises from revolving electrons in an unnamed molecular particle. This creates a "free" source of energy in the same way that atomic weapons and nuclear reactors do. It harnesses the energy of the atom.

An investigation showed that free magnetic motors are capable energy sources. Howard Johnson, the designer, wrapped specialized magnets in foil, put them in an arc, and aligned them to make free power. He put a synthetic sheet on the magnetic arrangement to carry a replica railway car and path. When arranged at one end, the car traveled quickly from one end of the track to the next. Even up a gradual incline, the train still had enough free electricity to move along the track.

This test, along with three U.S. patents earned by the creator, incontrovertibly demonstrated the usefulness of magnetic energy generators in the pursuit of free power for domestic purposes.

For the solitary homeowner, a magnetic motor might be the preferred choice as a free energy generator. You can cut down your electric bill, become more self-sufficient and benefit the environment all by making your own power at home. You just need free energy generator plans, a couple of parts from the tool store and a bit of time to become energy self-reliant!

Functioning as an asset, a free energy generator is one of the lowest-risks with the greatest reward. Set it up it on one occasion, and you will save money on your electric bill indefinitely.

Free Energy Generator - Free Power From Home
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Learn how to make free power from home with a free energy generator. Discover how a free energy generator can give you a permanent supply of free electricity.

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So You Want To Be A Custom Bike Builder? Start With A Motorcycle Kit!

So you want to be a custom bike builder? Well friend, before you rush out and buy that motorcycle kit, the one that will set you on the road to riches and fame, stop and think about the level of expertise and artistry the top builders have attained. More importantly think about how long it has taken them to attain it! Let's look at a few key issues...

Education

You'd be surprised how well educated a lot of today's top bike builders are. Several of them have degrees (some more than one!) ranging from mechanical engineering to business and marketing management. Billy Lane, the founder of Chopper Inc, has several patents relating to motorcycle technology in his name for example. What about someone a little more "old school" like Dave Perewitz? Dave has accumulated close to forty years of mechanical, metalworking and painting experience. Not theoretical, but genuine hands on, early morning late night kind of experience. Could you put that kind of time in? Matt Hotch is still only young, but has gained an incredible amount of practical experience customizing first bicycles, then VW's before moving on to custom bike building.

So You Want To Be A Custom Bike Builder? Start With A Motorcycle Kit!

Facilities

These guys are building choppers and custom bikes that are state of the art. They don't get thrown together in the yard; the motorcycle shops have all the tools and equipment required to produce almost anything out of metal, not just bikes. Just as important are the other services these builders use; the local chrome platers, machinists, painters and so on. These guys have just as important a part to play in the construction of these one off bikes as the designer builders themselves.

Desire

All the top custom bike builders live for one thing; building the best bikes they can. They literally live eat even dream about custom bikes (and looking at some of the more way out creations you can totally believe this from the designs they produce!) They are constantly striving to build bikes better. Its not about money for the top guys, I am convinced of that.

So where does that leave Average Joes like you and me? Actually, I don't think we are too badly off; in fact if you want to build a custom bike, it has probably never been easier. Here's my take on it....

Education

There is an unbelievable amount of information for the guys who want to start down the road to custom bike building. Videos, books websites, all of them help to flatten the learning curve for a novice. Most of the material out there relates to motorcycle kits, and for the beginner, building a motorcycle kit is definitely the best way to go if you want to get real hands on experience. After that there are motorcycle maintenance courses, which again will allow you to get up to speed as fast as possible in your quest to become the next Arlen Ness!

Facilities

To put together a shop like the ones you see on television costs thousands of dollars. But you don't need all that stuff if you start with a motorcycle kit. Motorcycle kits can be put together with some pretty basic tools, providing they are of good quality. Two things that are an absolute must in my opinion though are a torque wrench and a basic lift. With these two tools, you can tighten the motorcycle kits fittings correctly, and not break your back while you are doing it!

Desire

Well this is one area where you can match the pros, no question. If you really want to be a custom bike builder, start doing it for fun and put your motorcycle kit together.

We can't all be Billy Lane, Eddie Trotta or Russell Mitchell, but we can have a lot of fun trying!

So You Want To Be A Custom Bike Builder? Start With A Motorcycle Kit!
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Michael Holmes is a enthusiast for all thing motorcycle. His website, http://www.motorcycleparts-accessories-andmore.com, is a great resource of articles aimed at motorcyclists of all levels, including a page specifically about the motorcycle kits resources available online.

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What Are the Different Kinds of Weighted Keys on Digital Pianos?

You may have decided to purchase a digital piano instead of an acoustic piano for many reasons, such as availability of multiple tones, headphone playing capability, lower price, etc. But before you get one, make sure you like the feel of the keyboard action. This is how the keys feel when being played. It all has to do with what kind of weighted keys the keyboard uses.

If you want the feel of an acoustic piano, you will want a weighted keyboard. Many digital pianos will emulate the feel of an acoustic piano by using keyboard weighted keys. They can do this in multiple ways. Before we look at some of the different keyboard weighted types, let's get a quick understanding of how an acoustic piano gets its "feel"

An acoustic piano uses a hammer striking mechanism. When you press the keyboard keys it presses a lever. The lever causes a hammer to strike the strings. The hammer then bounces off the string. The key returns to the resting position by the weight of the hammer and levers. It's very natural feeling with no springs. It just uses the weight of the hammer and the momentum from bouncing off the string.

What Are the Different Kinds of Weighted Keys on Digital Pianos?

This type of feel is what digital pianos try to recreate. So let's look at the three types of keyboard actions.

Non-Weighted Keys

Non-weighted keys are very light feeling. They are what organs and synthesizers use. Obviously, they do not have the heavy, weighted feel that you get from an acoustic piano. Since there is little weight and no hammers using momentum from bouncing off a string, these non-weighted keyboards must use springs to bring the keys back to the resting position. The upside to this is that the keys are easier to press allowing quick movement over the keyboard. The downside is this feels nothing like an acoustic piano. Also, when keys so easily press down it is easier for your finger to barely graze a key that you had no intention of playing, making a noticeable mistake in your performance.

Weighted Keys

These keys have a weight in them to give them some substance. The weight makes them harder to press down, just like you'd expect on an acoustic piano. They come close to feeling like an acoustic piano. However, they do not have any type of hammer mechanism in them, so in that aspect they will not feel like an acoustic piano. The good news is that for a cheaper price this type of weighted keyboard comes close to approximating the feel of an acoustic piano. The bad news is that you will always be lacking that "momentum" feel on the keys of an acoustic when the momentum of the hammer bouncing off the string plays a part in bringing the keys back to a resting position.

Weighted Hammer Action Keys

These types of weighted keys come the closest to emulating the feel of an acoustic piano. Keyboards with this feature use a hammer simulating mechanism to give you the feel of a moving hammer. Some digital pianos even use actual hammers, not just a simulating mechanism. The big one that comes to mind is Kawai's AHAIV keyboard action. With these weighted keys you not only get the weight and resistance on the keys, but you also get the feel of a hammer's momentum. Both features you get on an acoustic piano keyboard.

Other Keyboard Descriptions

Before you buy a digital piano, you will come across other phrases that describe the keyboard action. The most common one will be Weighted Scaled Hammer Action. So what does the word "Scaled" mean? It means that the keys emulate the feel of an acoustic grand piano by being heavier on the lower notes and lighter on the higher notes.

On an acoustic grand piano, the lower notes are a little harder to press than the higher notes. So to emulate that feel, digital piano manufacturers will make their lower notes heavier. Other phrases you will see that describe this same thing are "Graded Hammer Action" and "Progressive Hammer Action." Also, look for the phrase "weight gradation" to indicate keys are heavier in the lower end and lighter in the high end.

Conclusion

Each manufacturer of digital pianos seeks to make their keyboard feel as close to an acoustic piano as possible. They will each do it in a different way based on their technologies and patents. Every piano player will have their opinion about which digital piano feels "the best." If you want the feel of an acoustic piano you now know to narrow your list of digital pianos to those with weighted hammer action. But the only way to find out if you like the feel of a particular digital piano is to play it.

What Are the Different Kinds of Weighted Keys on Digital Pianos?
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Want help picking out your next digital piano? See reviews and videos of some of the most popular digital pianos at my site [http://www.digitalpianoguide.com]

Thanks for reading my article "What Are The Different Kinds Of Weighted Keys On Digital Pianos?"

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The Importance of the Balance Sheet as a Financial

The Balance Sheet for accounting is an extremely important and often used statement of entity condition. It shows the extent of entity ownership of assets, liability and equity at a given point in time. This point is the date on the statement. It is a physical representation of the 'accounting equation.' The equation states that at any point in time, the assets of the business are equal to the sum of the liabilities and owner's equity. The equation also forms the basis of the statement structure, which mirrors the three aspects of the equation. The three parts are: 1) assets, 2) liabilities and 3) owner's equity. Let's look at each one.

Assets are anything that the business owns. We tend to consider assets to be land, buildings, vehicles, inventory and cash but they are also other things. The adding machines, computers, copyrights, patents, goodwill, time clocks, pens, wrenches, ladders, paper and copy machines are also included. This expands the definition to encompass all that the business has acquired by purchase or by owner contributions.

Liabilities - when doing accounting - on the other hand, are claims against the assets excluding the owner's equity contributions. These claims can take several forms. Some are both short- and long-term loans, bills for utilities, rent, employee expenses, bonds, taxes and many other items. They reduce the total value of the assets. Interestingly, liabilities are very liquid. They change on a constant basis. For instance, widgets are purchased to sell, the business uses utilities to operate and cash or credit is needed to pay these outside demands.

The Importance of the Balance Sheet as a Financial

Finally, there is the Owner's Equity section of the Balance Sheet. This summarizes, in varying degrees of detail, who owns the business. For instance, if stock is issued, it will show what the stock is valued at and usually how many shares are outstanding. It is not unusual to see differing issues of stock and wide differences in the values. In simple businesses, the equity might just be divided between several partners. Though, the Balance Sheet probably won't reveal the names of the partners and how much of the business each one owns. The ownership is usually specified in other documents related to the corporate records. But, this section will show an aggregate of the amounts.

The other important parts of the Owner's Equity, in accounting, are related to the Income Statement. The Net Income, or Net Loss, is part of the equity portion. Typically there are two parts to it representing the previous retained earnings of the entity and another part, which represents present earnings. Together, they show how much the value of the business has increased, or decreased because of entity operations. If the business is operating at a loss, the Owner's Equity is becoming less valuable and will show that the owners now have less equity that they had previously. If loss condition continues, the business eventually ceases.

The Balance Sheet is an extremely important statement in the accounting and will be found, sometimes several ways, in the company prospectus. It is also provided to various government regulatory agencies. They use them to assure the business is complying with laws, regulations and taxing requirements. Typically, there is an outside audit of this statement along with the Income and Cash Flow statements too. This provides an outside review and an opinion of how well the business is keeping their books. So, the Balance Sheet is an extremely important financial document.

The Importance of the Balance Sheet as a Financial
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Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Accounting

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Most Common Lawsuits Filed Against US Companies

Innumerous lawsuits are filed in U.S. courts every year. Many are settled out of court for astronomical amounts, others do or don't award the plaintiff at the end of the trial and still others are dismissed for lack of evidence. Making the top five of those filed against U.S. companies are as follows:

1. Labor/Unemployment - One of the precipitators to this is the escalation of layoff numbers over the past several years. The national unemployment rate climbed to 8.1% in February of this year, the highest it's been since 1984. This does not include the mass of individuals who have been laid off beyond the ability to receive unemployment. The layoff of high-level executives is not beyond the pale, either, which has sparked many of the lawsuits against companies today. The predominant lawsuits under this category, however, are wage and hour claims, discrimination (including age-related cases) and wrongful termination.

2. Contracts - Breach of contract lawsuits can be filed against companies when they do not fulfill their contractual obligations. Maybe the company did not deliver a product, or did not complete a service or did not fulfill something expressly documented in a signed contract you had with the company. In any situation where obligations of a contract are not fulfilled, a lawsuit may be the only way to resolve the dispute. These are particularly common in the services industry. Ralph the roofer committed to replace your entire roof for a specific amount of money to be paid upon completion. You paid Ralph upon the completion of the job. What you found out during the first rain, however, is that Ralph and his crew did a shoddy job. Ralph is elusive and non-responsive to your calls, so you hire another company to redo the job. You sue Ralph in attempts to collect your money back from him and his company. He breached the contract. He did not fulfill his contractual obligations.

Most Common Lawsuits Filed Against US Companies

3. Personal injury - There are innumerous frivolous lawsuits that occur in this category. Someone sees an opportunity to make some quick cash. They plan and execute a fake fall in the presence of witnesses, file a lawsuit and sometimes win hundreds of thousands of dollars in compensation. Companies have wised up to these incidents and many of them have monitoring equipment in place to capture the fraudsters on camera. This has been a great deterrent in litigation for these types of cases. There are legitimate incidents, however, where the company is directly at fault. To collect punitive damages, though, the plaintiff has to not only prove gross negligence, but also malicious intent.

4. Product Liability - You've probably heard about all the problems experienced a few months ago with the toys imported from China. Lead based paint was one of the primary concerns. Mattel had to issue a recall on several of the toys. Less than one month later, unfortunately, Mattel had to issue another recall. Liability lawsuits started rolling in. Mattel doled out million to settle with 39 states to pay for damages caused by the tainted toys.

5. Intellectual Property (IP)/Patents - The most common types of IP are trade secrets, industrial design rights, patents, copyrights and trademarks. A disgruntled employee decides to sell trade secrets to a competitor after being laid off or fired. A successful salesperson takes his customer list with him when he leaves the company and uses it to when selling similar services for another company. An IT technician develops a product that uses his former employer's proprietary technology as the product's foundation. These are all examples of violating IP/patent laws that result in IP/patent lawsuits.

Most Common Lawsuits Filed Against US Companies
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The Hidden Power Of The Spark Plug's Heat Range - Learn How Much Benefits You May Obtain From Them!

The Heat Range is the function of the spark plug to regulate the temperature of the combustion chamber by its ability to maintain or to remove the heat produced by the combustion process and to take the excess of heat toward the cylinder head that will then transfer it to the cooling system. There is no direct relationship between the spark plug heat range and the spark voltage.

Each spark plug is manufactured with its own predetermined and specific heat range. They exists different spark plugs brands and each one of them manufactures its different series or models with a large variety of heat ranges.

Due to that all the engines are different; they require spark plugs with different Heat Range. A family car and/or a racecar, should operate at an optimal temperature in the combustion chamber, which must be between 840ºF. to 1560ºF. (450ºC. and 850ºC), what means that the heat range of the spark plug to be installed shall must be cool enough to avoid pre-ignition, but hot enough to prevent fouling.

The Hidden Power Of The Spark Plug's Heat Range - Learn How Much Benefits You May Obtain From Them!

This is why the vehicle manufacturers define a spark plug with a specific heat range for the power level and condition operations that supposedly is going to demand the end user of each model of vehicle. This selection must be precise:

Today, Professional Mechanics, Do-It-Yourselfers, and Spark Plug Vendors have Application Charts available in Spark Plug or Auto Part Catalogues as a guideline to identify the adequate spark plugs for a vehicle, whether as printed material or modern computerized version. Such application charts only indicate the adequate spark plugs for vehicles under standard operating conditions.

Users are therefore quite familiarized to the idea that is enough to follow the catalogues suggestions, however, during the useful life of a vehicle many different conditions that affect engine performance may occur, as for example:

o Different driving habits,

o Different traffic conditions,

o Different load conditions,

o Different engine's maintenance,

o Different fuel quality,

o Different weather conditions,

o Use of LPG or of Propane gas as fuel.

Moreover, these conditions may combine in endless ways.

And when such different conditions do occur, vehicles no longer operate under standard conditions, and the heat range of the stock spark plugs stop being the adequate for this particular conditions, being done necessary to install spark plugs with a Heat Range different from the original stock suggested in the catalogues by the manufacturers, and therefore catalogue Application Charts can not continue indicating which one is the spark plug that must be installed in a vehicle to best match each one of these conditions or the different combinations thereof.

If the stock spark plug heat range results colder than necessary due to the real operating conditions, the air/fuel mixture will not burn completely creating carbon deposits that will not burn and will stick to the spark plug, fouling it; and since carbon is an conductor of electricity, it would deflect the electricity to the ground instead of creating the spark, resulting in engine misfiring and malfunctioning. When this problem exists, the installed spark plug shows unburned fuel. Then the spark plug appearance looks similarly to a reach mixture. But it is not the real problem.

And if the stock spark plug heat range results hotter than necessary due to the real operating conditions, the engine would overheat and the installed spark plugs looks with overheating, similarly to a lean mixture.

When an engine is modified for high performance and its power is increased, the stock spark plugs very often result hottest than necessary due to the new power reached at higher RPM and the gasoline would end up pre-igniting or detonating without the need of an electric spark, creating an uncontrolled explosion that would severely damage the engine.

Be aware that never! Never a high performance modified engine, can continue using the stock spark plug, because more power is more energy, and more energy always is more heat.

Unfortunately, even very experienced mechanics have difficulty in detecting the differences in these situations that are very often misunderstood, misleading them to search the origin of the troubles that the spark plugs are showing, in the supposedly wrong air/fuel mixture, cooling systems troubles or other mechanical failures.

It is absolutely clear that is doing lack more information about the true one and transcendental importance of the heat range of the sparkplugs. This exact selection is critical!

Only with the proper Heat Range will spark plugs sustain the perfect combustion process that keeps your engine's top efficiency and functional reliability. Which benefits?

o On High Performance modified or racing engines the higgest power you never reach before.

o On standard or family cars, more performance, more mileage, more reliability, extending engine's life and, decreasing emissions.

But only a few of the most selected and experienced engine tuners know how to select the spark plug with the proper heat range best suited to match these different conditions, or the specific engine's level of modification, but them reach it only after long hours of expensive and difficult testing by trial and error with different spark plugs sets of different heat ranges.

What you need to find is the spark plug with the heat range, best suited to the combination of your own specific, individual and particular driving habits, traffic, weather, and engine operating conditions, fuel quality, that can be affecting your engine performance; tailoring this selection exactly for you driving habits or life style.

This is the only way that guarantees to achieve the peak power, performance, endurance, better mileage and the lowest emissions.

You don't have to take my words. Spark plug manufacturers have never failed to explicitly acknowledge that:

"Owing to different driving conditions and/or engine conditions a hotter or colder spark plug may be required" - NGK

"Bad plugs cause overheating, rough running, power loss and even engine failure" - AUTOLITE

"Wrong choice of spark plugs can cause an engine to go on strike" - BERU

"This is reflected in the increased importance assigned to precisely adapting the spark plug to engine. Customized solutions are the order of the day" - BOSCH

"This application list is to be used only as a guide, owing to different driving conditions and/or engine conditions a hotter or colder spark plug may be required". - NGK

"The spark plug application for racing engines is very individual and requires good experience in identifying appropriate heat value. Failure to meet these requirements may cause extensive engine damages". - BRISK

"For racing, the spark plug recommendations listed should be considered only as the initial guide. Final heat range selection must rest with the racing participant.". - AC DELCO

So, if the manufacturers are advising you how much is it necessary to customize the selection of your sparkplugs when is replacement time, take care on it.

You have the decision power of choosing the right parkplug to reach the best results on performance, mileage, reliability and lowering the emissions.

And, to do that is easiest and cheap than you may imagine. Now you know all what you need is precisely selecting the heat range of your replacement sparkplugs.

The Hidden Power Of The Spark Plug's Heat Range - Learn How Much Benefits You May Obtain From Them!
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Elena Maria DB Orsos

http://www.determinator.net

Elena Maria DB Orsos, is President & CEO of Smart Racing Tools USA and Racing Technologies. Her invention patents in the automotive field, with demonstrated value to increase power to high performance modified engines, and to improve performance and mileage to standard and daily use cars, and to decrease emissions, makes her a very well respected name in these aspects.

She was nominated to international prizes due to her innovations and is frequently invited as speaker to international automotive and environmental events.

For more information visit the above web site.

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What Are Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)?

1. MNEs have a number of characteristics, including:
(a) responsiveness to environmental forces such as competitors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions, and government;
(b) drawing on a common pool of resources, including assets, patents, trademarks, information, and human resources; and
(c) affiliates that are linked by a common strategic vision.

2. Under the premise that foreign markets are risky, companies expand their operations abroad incrementally and cautiously. Setting up a wholly-owned subsidiary is usually the last stage of doing business abroad. A typical internationalization process for a firm producing a standardized product might begin with a licensing agreement: a contractual arrangement in which one firm provides access to some of its patents, trademarks, or technology to another firm in exchange for a fee or royalty. Apart from a licensing agreement, a firm might export via an agent or distributor. This might be followed by the direct hiring of a domestic representative or the establishment of a foreign sales subsidiary. The next step might be the establishment of local packaging and/or assembly operations. This is typically followed by foreign direct investment.

3. Firms become multinationals for a number of reasons. Some of these include:
(a) a desire to protect themselves from the risks and uncertainties of the domestic business cycle;
(b) a growing world market for their goods or services;
(c) a response to increased foreign competition;
(d) a desire to reduce costs;
(e) a desire to overcome tariff barriers; and
(f) a desire to take advantage of technological expertise by manufacturing goods directly rather than allowing others to do it under a license agreement.

What Are Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)?

4. Multinational enterprises are different from companies that confine their activities to the domestic market. MNEs make decisions based primarily on what is best for the company, even if this means transferring funds or jobs to other countries.

What Are Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)?
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